calusa tribe religion
He struck an uneasy peace with their leader Caluus, or Carlos. The Calusa were one of the few tribes known to be shell collectors. Senquene succeeded his brother (name unknown), and was in turn succeeded by his son Carlos. Upon learning that the Spaniards did not intend to provide food, clothing, and other gifts, the Calusa rebelled, tenaciously holding to their own beliefs and practices. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Index of Indigenous languages Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, an early chronicler of the Calusa, described "sorcerers in the shape of the devil, with some horns on their heads," who ran through the town yelling like animals for four months at a time. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. The Calusa remained committed to their belief system despite Spanish attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. They were one of the first tribes in South Florida and they settled near Biscayne Bay in the present-day Miami area. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Most spectacular are 9 carved and painted animal heads, some of which were probably worn as masks or headdresses on ceremonial occasions; others probably functioned as architectural elements. The surrounding villages had local headmen who answered to the chief. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. Known as the "Shell Indians", the Calusa are . Prior surface surveys had revealed Spanish ceramics, beads and other artifacts, but the location of the fort hadnt been determined. Around 1983, Donald found remains (ancient pottery and burial mounds) of Calusa Indians on some of his property, Josslyn Island. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. [4], The Calusa had a stratified society, consisting of "commoners" and "nobles" in Spanish terms. While estimates vary, their population probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000. What formation processes resulted in the complex of mounds and other features there? Tabby was an Old World concrete consisting of lime from burned shells mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. google_ad_height = 15; [28] Cuban fishing camps (ranchos) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. The chief is said to have entertained the governor in a building so large that it could hold 2000 people in it. Missions to the Calusa, edited and translated by John H. Hann. The people who constructed Fort San Antn de Carlos had to adapt to Mound Keys unique conditions, researchers said. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. Pottery distinct from the Glades tradition developed in the region around AD 500, marking the beginning of the Caloosahatchee culture. These massive, rectangular structures built of shell and sediment enclose large areas on both sides of the mouth of Mound Keys great canal, a marine highway nearly 2,000 feet long and about 100 feet wide that bisects the island. It is clear the Calusa possessed an extraordinary understanding of and sensitivity to their natural environment. They recovered various types of Spanish artifacts such as majolica ceramics, hand-wrought nails and spikes, a bale seal and olive jar sherds, as well as native artifacts. The Calusa Native Americans. The two forms together may have indicated his transformation (Figs. The Shell People. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. What was the calusa Indians religion? South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? The first people to live on the island were the Calusa Native Americans, who were known as a fierce people. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. It's also rich with the history and culture of the Calusa Indians, the Native Americans who preceded us, even if their footprints are a bit blurry. The Calusa king, or head chief, was an absolute ruler. In several cases where the waterlogged objects dried and disintegrated into unrecognizable forms, the paintings and photographs provide the only surviving record (see Fig. Fontaneda lived with various tribes in southern Florida for the next seventeen years before being found by the Menendez de Avils expedition. They determined that the enclosures, which were built on a foundation of oyster shells, walled off portions of the estuary, serving as traps and short-term holding pens for fish before they were eaten, smoked, or dried for later consumption. However, they would suffer the same fate as many of the other Native American tribes. Previous indigenous cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. They began preliminary investigations of the fort, which was located on Mound 2 and housed one of the first Jesuit missions established in the U.S. (Cushing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language). Ravaged by new infectious diseases introduced to the Americas by European contact and by the slaving raids, the surviving Calusa retreated south and east. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? 3). ( Public Domain ). The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. Calusa Religion Birdseye View of Calusa The sun deity appears to have been a universal creator. It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin. [16], Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. The Legend of the Calusa Many people believe that the Calusa made a trip to Cuba in their canoes and traded with the Mayans. See answer (1) Best Answer. Little is known about Calusa religion. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Indigenous peoples who lived in the same region developed similar cultural traits based on their shared natural environment. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. Seeing the work of the Calusa in these materials first-hand were really exciting moments for us.. Return to our menu of Native American cultures By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. After A.D. 1000, the Calusa began to grow in size and complexity, wielding their military might, trading widely and collecting tribute along those trade routes that extended for hundreds of miles. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). One of the most notable traditions of the Calusa was their use of shell mounds. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. In the wake of conflict and European-borne disease, the Calusa were extinguished by the second half of the 18th century. [8], The Calusa caught most of their fish with nets. [Online]Available at: http://floridahistory.org/indians.htm, Marquardt, W. H., 2014. The Calusa tribe once numbered around 50,000 people, and Tampa was one of their largest towns. Indeed, given the results of recent research, they are now considered one of the most politically complex groups of non-agriculturalists in the ancient world. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. Franciscan friar Fray Lopez, director of the unsuccessful 1697 mission attempt, described the Calusa temples as very tall and wide, with a mound in the middle and a structure on the mound enclosed with reed mats and containing benches around the walls. Montauk The Calusa tribe lived along the Gulf Coat and inner waterways; their homes were built on stilts with roofs made from Palmetto leaves; these homes had no walls. This tribe of Indians controlled most of Southwest Florida and created an elaborate network of canals, homes, and government. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. While archaeologists in Florida have recovered several village sites of Calusa habitation, including burial mounds, shell ridges, canals, and plazas, The University Museums 1896 excavations at Key Marco provided extraordinary clues to our understanding of Calusa ceremonialism and daily life. 4 . [3] Some Archaic artifacts have been found in the region later occupied by the Calusa, including one site classified as early Archaic, and dated prior to 5000 BC. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. They were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. Cord was also made from cabbage palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. 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Their immune systems lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases. 215.898.4000. The Calusa people's diet consisted mainly of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico and its many waterways. This class was supported by commoners, who provided them with food and other material goods. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. The archaeology of the Calusa is important worldwide in that it illustrates the development of very pronounced hierarchy, inequality, monumentality and large-scale infrastructure by hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, said Chris Rodning of Tulane University, who was not involved with this research. And to what extent does the occupational and architectural history speak to broader issues of Calusa complexity? Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. The Calusa believed that the three souls were the pupil of a person's eye, his shadow, and his reflection. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that lived hundreds of years ago on the island that is now Mound Key Archaeological State Park. In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. [Online]Available at: http://www.calusalandtrust.org/who_were_the_calusa/who_were_the_calusa.htm, Ripley, K., 2016. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. One of Cushings crew members, Wells M. Sawyer, was an artist and photographer; he painted lifelikewatercolors and took field photos of many of the specimens as they came from the mud. Escampaba may be related to a place named Stapaba, which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map. Detailed analysis and AMS dates led us to the realization that the structure went through at least three phases of building activity over several centuries, the earliest phase dating to around A.D. 1000.. Did the Calusa farm? The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. [9] There is also evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo and the bottle gourd, which were used for net floats and dippers. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. Historic documents say the Calusa then set fire to Mound Key and fled the island, which also prompted the Spanish to leave. The Calusa used wooden dugout canoes to aid them in fishing and for transport. 2013-09-27 21:18:35. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. Historically located in northwest Florida, the Apalachee were allied with the Spanish, but maintained their autonomy through political and social traditions. Their territory was bounded in northwest Florida by the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and . An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. Map of Calusa territory in Florida. The lifestyle of the Calusa was leisurely, and they enjoyed numerous celebrations and feasts, many of which were connected to religious ceremonies at which lavish meals were prepared. Unlike most Florida Indian tribes . ( Public Domain ), Featured image: Calusa people fishing. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. ( Public Domain ). Additionally, it has been suggested that the population of this tribe may have reached 50000 people at one point of time. The University Museum has an exceptional collection of artifacts from the Calusa site at Key Marco, Florida. Photograph by Amanda Roberts Thompson, courtesy Florida Museum of Natural History The Calusa also famously resisted colonization and conversion. 10 Innovative Medieval Weapons: You Would Not Want To Be At The Sharp End Of These! Their gods were living all around them. At the time of the excavations Cushing did not know the name or precise age of the Indians whose world he had discovered. When combined with historical and archaeological documentation, Cushings finds from Key Marco teach us about the Calusa Indians around the time of contact. The Calusa also believed that three supernatural beings ruled the universe. The men were responsible for work away from the home, like hunting and raiding. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. The chief's house, and possibly the other houses at Calos, were built on top of earthen mounds. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). (*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. Typical Women's Work. The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. 8, 9). The Apalachee Tribe was among the most advanced and powerful Native American people in Florida. The most powerful ruler governed the physical world, the second most powerful ruled human governments, and the last helped in wars, choosing which side would win. /* 728x15 link ad */ Additionally, they had (as their name suggests) a fierce, war-like reputation. -written by Glenn Emery. But our work over the past 35 years has shown the Calusa developed a politically complex society with sophisticated architecture, religion, a military, specialists, long-distance trade and social ranking all without being farmers.. The fort was obviously a massive presence on Mound Key, both in scale and as an example of European culture, but it appears that native food procurement, living arrangements and much of Calusa daily life continued with only minimal changes, said archaeologist Traci Ardren of the University of Miami, who was not involved with the teams work. It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. Different tribes and regions had their own games and traditions. Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion They collected materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. The Franciscans established a mission there in the late 17th century, but the Calusa evicted them after a few months time. As Cushing noted and as more recent studies have revealed, they dug extensive waterways or canals (sometimes as large as 4 feet deep, 20 feet wide, and 3 miles long) that crossed Key Marco and the rest of the region. The Calusa and their legacy: South Florida people and their environments. What did the Calusa tribe believe in? [20][21], A few vocabulary examples from Granberry's work are listed below:[22]. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. The Calusa are said to have been the descendants of Palaeo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida about 12000 years ago. Want this question answered? Tribute was offered in the form of prestige goods, such as feathers, mats, deerskins, food, and metals and captives recovered from Spanish shipwrecks (Hudson 1976). There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. Be notified when an answer is posted. Native American tattoos Image by Pat Payne for American Archaeology. The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Eventually, in the 18th century, slave raids by English from the north, aided by Creek Indians, destroyed what was left of the already declining Calusa population. 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